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Read Me What to read, 1851-1875

< 1826-1850 | 1876-1900 >

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Later Mid-19th Century

We should never cease to be readers; pure readers, reading not to learn, or for an ulterior motive, but for the joy of reading itself. --Charles Peguy

Rainer Maria RILKE Rainer Karl Wilhelm Josef Maria Rilke (1875-1926) Etext: Poem Hunter | Four poems Reference: LiukkonenCriticism: post And Rilke whom *die Dinge* bless The Santa Claus of loneliness. --W. H. Auden
New Poems: First Part and Other Part (Neue Gedichte 1907)
The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge 1910)
Duino Elegies (1922)
One star: Sonnets to Orpheus (1922)
Selected Poetry (anthology 1989)
Rilke lead to my discovery of German as a language in which modern poetry can be written, admiration for subdued elegance of form and economy of linguistic means, and for the languid subtlety of the message. --Thor Sevcenko

Antonio MACHADO (1875-1939) Etext: Poem Hunter
Juan de Mairena (1936) Full title: Juan de Mairena: epigrams, maxims, memoranda, and memoirs of an apocryphal professor, with an appendix of poems from 'The Apocryphal Songbooks'
Selected Poems (1982)

G. N. LEWIS (Gilbert Norton Lewis, 1875-1946) Reference: Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules (1923)

Thomas MANN (1875-1955) Reference: Authors' Calendar Criticism: post The 20th-century Goethe (pocket edition) ... --Dwight Macdonald, 'The Responsibility of Intellectuals,' Politics, April 1945
Buddenbrooks (1901)
Death in Venice (1912)
Two stars: The Magic Mountain (1924) A very long time ago, when I was a teenager, I liked to think of myself as a future historian of culture. I read 'The Magic Mountain' and said to myself, 'Now THAT is for you.' --Saul Bellow, National Review, January 24, 2000, p. 36
...Mann's ironic diagnosis of the diseases which brought imperial Europe down... --William Alfred
Tonio Kroger (1929)
Stories of Three Decades (1936)
Mario and the Magician (1938)
One star: Joseph and His Brothers (1933-1943) It rejoices because there is nothing new under the sun; because fathers and sons have forever been what they are today; and because, when a father has a favorite son, and says so, he is committing an error so ancient that nobody can remember when the consequences were not thus and so. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 304
Mann provides the philosophical insights into human experience in their most palatable form. --John D. Montgomery
Doctor Faustus (Doktor Faustus 1947) This deals with the life of a fictional composer, Adrian Leverkuhn, who makes a Faustian compact with the Devil and rises to unholy prominence. --John Simon, Play on, review of The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century, by Alex Ross, The New Criterion, January 2008, p. 73
A brilliant commentary, in fictional form, on German Culture--its great achievements and deadly disease. --Bernard Bailyn
The Confessions of Felix Krull, Confidence Man (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull 1954)

Carl Gustav JUNG (1875-1961) Reference: Times Topics For a reader accustomed to the elegance and coherence of Freud's style, or indeed to the clean lines of good English prose, a few pages of Jung can be a discouraging experience. --Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (1966) p. 44 To cure, in the Jungian theory, is to give the patient peace in adhering to the eternal order, replicated within him symbolically. --Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (1966) p. 88-89
Psychological Types (1921)
Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1963)
Jung writes with the excitement of a detective, the skill of an artist, and the flair of a mystic as he develops a new vision of the human personality. --John Kao

Albert SCHWEITZER (1875-1965) Reference: Association
On the Edge of the Primeval Forest (Zwischen Wasser und Urwald 1922)
Out of My Mind and Thought (Aus Meinem Leben und Denken 1931)
More from the Primeval Forest (1970)

Trumbull STICKNEY (1874-1904)
Poems (1905)

Hugo von HOFMANNSTHAL (1874-1929) Criticism: see Hermann BROCH
One star: Selected Writings: Prose, Plays and Libretti, Poems and Verse Plays (3 vols. 1952-63)

G. K. CHESTERTON (1874-1936) Etext: The Online Books Page Bookseller: The Surprise (DVD) Reference: Criticism: post
The Napolean of Notting Hill (1904)
Chesterton's tale of brilliant banners, quixotic but bloody struggles, and bafflingly poetic dialogues focuses on the romance and potential dynamism of little neighborhoods. --Carney Gavin
The Man Who Was Thursday (1907)
Orthodoxy (1908) The master of paradox demonstrates that nothing is more 'original' and 'new' than Christian tradition. --The Intercollegiate Review, The Fifty Worst (and Best) Books of the Century, Fall 1999 http://www.isi.org/journals/ir/50best_worst/index.html
How to look at the Christian tradition with fresh eyes. --John O'Sullivan
The Everlasting Man (1925)
A great carillonade of Christian verities. --John Lukacs
Collected Poems (1926)
Father Brown Omnibus (1929)
Chesterton intended to ridicule the analytical and scientific methods of the Sherlock Holmes school of detection by showing that crime is related to sin, and a priest's intuition is more necessary in discovering a sinner than is a policeman's experience in discovering a criminal. --Philip Ward

Karl KRAUS (1874-1936)
The Last Days of Mankind (Die letzten Tage der Menschheit 1919)

Gertrude STEIN (1874-1946) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
Three Lives (1909)
Tender Buttons (1914)
The Making of Americans (1925)
The Geographical History of America or The Relation of Human Nature to the Human Mind (1936)

Robert FROST (1874-1963) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
New England in literature is always stark and grim, but Mr. Frost is not an implacable realist; the grimness is there, but with it a tenderness of one who sees deeply into this phase of life because he has lived it. --Jessie B. Rittenhouse
Two stars: Collected Poems (1931) Criticism: Ernest Suarez review

W. Somerset MAUGHAM (1874-1965) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Bibliography at Wikipedia Criticism: post
Of Human Bondage (1915)
This novel about the torments of misdirected love revealed to me how prone we are to form irrational attachments which hold us in their grip, even while we know that our sense of self--life itself--is being undermined. --John E. Mack
The Moon and Sixpence (1919)
The Complete Short Stories (1951)

Alfred JARRY (1873-1907)
Selected Works (1965)

Charles PEGUY (1873-1914) Criticism: Roger Kimball rddsy
The Mystery of the Charity of Joan of Arc (1909) Criticism: Pope Benedict XVI address

Chaim Nachman BIALIK (1873-1934)
Kithve (selected works 1926-1938)
Shirot Bialik: The Epic Poem (1998)

Ford Madox FORD (1873-1939) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Ford Madox Ford Society Criticism: post
One star: The Good Soldier (1915)
The practiced arts of civility among educated people are an important manifestation of the gentle nature of the human spirit. ...they can also be used as cover by those whose morality has been eroded by passion. --David M. Livingston
One star: Parade's End (1925) ...perhaps the best treatment of the Great War's destruction of old European culture. --Bruce S. Thornton, The University Bookman, Spring/Summer 2001

Ellen GLASGOW (1873-1945) Etext: The Online Books Page
Barren Ground (1925)
Vein of Iron (1935)

Willa CATHER (1873-1947) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
The Song of the Lark (1915)
Two stars: My Antonia (1918)
The only thing I ever read that helped me understand why people like the midwest. --Avis C. Vidal
A Lost Lady (1923)
The Professor's House (1925)
One star: Death Comes for the Archbishop (1927) ...the most surprising subject matter of a great American novel--a French bishop's single-minded passion for re-creating the architecture of a French cathedral in the American desert. --A. S. Byatt, 'Justice for Willa Cather', New York Review of Books, November 30, 2000 p. 51
Shadows on the Rock (1931)

Mariano AZUELA (1873-1952) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Underdogs (1916) Etext: Gutenberg

COLETTE (Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette 1873-1954) Criticism: Terry Castle review
Retreat from Love (La Retraite Sentimental 1907)
Break of Day (La naissance du jour 1928)
Collected Stories (1983)

Walter DE LA MARE (1873-1956) Etext: The Online Books Page
Memoirs of a Midget (1921)
Collected Poems (1979)

Mikhail KUZMIN (1872-1936)
Alexandrian Songs (1906)

SHIMAZAKI Toson (Shimazaki Haruki, 1872-1943)
The Broken Commandment (1906)

Pio BAROJA (1872-1956) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Restlessness of Shanti Andia (1911)

Max BEERBOHM (1872-1956) Etext: The Online Books Page
Zuleika Dobson; or, An Oxford Love Story (1911)
Seven Men and Two Others (1950)

John Cowper POWYS (1872-1963)
Wolf Solent (1929)
A Glastonbury Romance (1932)

Bertrand RUSSELL (1872-1970, 3rd Earl Russell) Etext: The Online Books Page | Digital Text International Criticism: post
Recent Work on the Principles of Mathematics, International Monthly, 4, (1901) 83-101,
reprinted as "Mathematics and the Metaphysicians" in Mysticism and Logic
A Study of Mathematics (1902)
Principia Mathematica ("Principles of Mathematics", 1910-1913, with Alfred North WHITEHEAD) Etext: Volume I | Volume II | Volume III attempted to show that all of pure mathematics is derivable from logical principles. --Byron E. Wall, 'John Venn, James Wood and the Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic at the University of Cambridge, Journal of the History of Ideas, January 2007, p. 149
The Problems of Philosophy (1911)
The Place of Science in a Liberal Education (1913)
The World of Physics and the World of Sense (in Our Knowledge of the External World 1914) 'Delivered as Lowell lectures in Boston, in March and April, 1914'
The Theory of Continuity (in Our Knowledge of the External World 1914) 'Delivered as Lowell lectures in Boston, in March and April, 1914'
The Problem of Infinity Considered Historically (in Our Knowledge of the External World 1914) 'Delivered as Lowell lectures in Boston, in March and April, 1914'
On the Notion of Cause (in Mysticism and Logic)
Mysticism and Logic (1918)
One star: An Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy (1919)
Here the derivation of classical mathematics from logic and set theory is carried through in strict formal logic. --Willard V. Quine
The Analysis of Mind (1921)
What I Believe (1925)
Selected Papers (1927)
Sceptical Essays (1928)
The Aims of Education (1929)
Marriage and Morals (1929)
The Conquest of Happiness(1930)
Religion and Science (1935)
History of Western Philosophy (1946)
Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits (1948)
Unpopular Essays (1950)
Science and Tradition (in The Impact of Science on Socitey 1951)
Human Society in Ethics and Politics (1954)
My Philosophical Development (1956)

Stephen CRANE (1871-1900) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: The Stephen Crane Society
One star: The Red Badge of Courage (1895) Etext: American Classics | Online Literature Library | Litrix | Stockton
Stories and Poems

John Millington SYNGE (1871-1909) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Playboy of the Western World (1907)
His work is all of a piece, rammed with vitality, and, for all of Synge's own iron reserve, it has extraordinary emotional range. --John V. Kelleher

Leonid ANDREYEV (1871-1919) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Eugene M. Kayden essay
The Seven Who Were Hanged (1908)

Marcel PROUST (1871-1922) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
Two stars: Remembrance of Things Past (1913-27) The interest of the book lies in each fragment. We can open it wherever we choose. --Paul Valery, funerary tribute in 'La Nouvelle Revue Francais' Proust's masterpiece, 'Remembrance of Things Past,' ... seems the product of total recall, and yet how selective it had to be. --Ralph McInerney, 'Crisis' October 1999, p. 60 This novel is 4,000 pages long, yet nothing ever happens. Is Proust making some kind of veiled comment about French society? --Joe Queenan, There Will Be a Quiz, New York Times, April 6, 2008 --
The more perfectly you grasp what you and I are like and how we fit in, the more it seems our next and contradictory selves wait around the corner in a world turned upside down. --Duncan Kennedy

Ernest RUTHERFORD (1871-1937) Reference: Campbell
Radioactivity (1905)
Radioactive Substances and Their Radiations (1913)
Radiations from Radioactive Substances (1930)

W. B. CANNON (1871-1945)
The Wisdom of the Body (1932)

Theodore DREISER (1871-1945) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
One star: Sister Carrie (1900)
One star: An American Tragedy (1925)
We see a vapid but not really evil little soul becoming, by easy steps, blood-guilty; it is almost as horrible as watching a vivisection... --Robert P. Duffus

Paul VALERY (1871-1945) Criticism: post
Selected Writings (1950)
The Art of Poetry (Collected Works, Vol. 7, 1958)

J. A. HAMMERTON (John Alexander Hammerton 1871-1949)
Outline of Great Books (Editor, 1937) full title 'Outline of Great Books: Comprising Two Hundred and Fifty of the World's Most Famous Works of History, Philosophy, Science, Religion, Poetry, Biography, Travel and Criticism Outlined in Their Authors' Own Words'
...inspiring if sadly dated... --Philip Ward

Frank NORRIS (1870-1902) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Octopus (1901)

SAKI (H. H. Munro, 1870-1916) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
The Short Stories (1930)
Justice is frequently meted out when it is least expected, and a sense of humor leavens almost all situations. --Mary V. Chatfield

Alexander BERKMAN (1870-1936)
Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist (1912)

Alexander Ivanovich KUPRIN (1870-1938) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Garnet Bracelet (1911)

Jean PERRIN (1870-1942) Reference: Nobel Prize
Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality (Mouvement brownien et realite moleculaire 1909)
Les Atomes (1913)

Michael ROSTOVTZEFF (1870-1952)
The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (1926)

Ivan BUNIN (1870-1953) Etext: The Online Books Page
Sunstroke (selected stories 2002)

In progress: (adding dates to works)

George Douglas BROWN (1869-1902) Reference: Slainte
The House with the Green Shutters

Edwin Arlington ROBINSON (1869-1935) Etext: The Online Books Page
Selected Poems

Hjalmar SODERBERG (1869-1941)
Doctor Glas (1905)
Selected Short Stories (1935)

Mohandas Karamchand GANDHI (1869-1948) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post The communal massacres showed that Gandhi's teaching of nonviolence had not penetrated the Indian masses. His life work had been in vain--or at least it now appeared that he taught a 'non-violence of the weak' which had been effective against the British but that the more difficult 'non-violence of the strong' he had been unable to teach. --Dwight Macdonald, 'Gandhi,' Politics, Winter 1948
The mass movement leader who benefits his people and humanity knows not only how to start a movement, but, like Gandhi, when to end its active phase. --Eric Hoffer
One star: An Autobiography (The Story of My Experiments with Truth, 1927-1929) But this partial autobiography, which ends in the nineteen-twenties, is strong evidence in his favor, all the more because it covers what he would have called the unregenerate part of his life and reminds one that inside the saint, or near-saint, there was a very shrewd, able person who could, if he had chosen, have been a brilliant success as a lawyer, an administrator or perhaps even a businessman. --George Orwell, 'Reflections on Gandhi' (1949)
Since it was written to be serialized in Gandhi's newspaper, Young India, this autobiography has something of a didactic and episodic quality. --Diana Eck

Andre GIDE (1869-1951)
One star: The Counterfeiters (1927)
...Edouard, the chief character, is shown writing a novel in which a facsimile of him is writing a novel, in which, we suppose, still a third figure... --Mary McCarthy
The Immortalist
Corydon
Lafcadio's Adventures (The Caves of the Vatican)
The Journals

Martin Andersen NEXO (1869-1954) Etext: The Online Books Page
Pelle the Conqueror

TOKUTOMI Kenjiro (Tokutomi Roka, 1868-1927)
Footsteps in the Snow (1901)

Stefan GEORGE (1868-1933)
Selected Poems

Maxim GORKI (Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, 1868-1936) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Vyas
The Lower Depths (1902)
The play was greeted as another political statement, and in 1905 he was imprisoned as a revolutionary, a sentence commuted to exile after protests by Western writers. --Philip Ward
Autobiographical trilogy: Childhood (Detstvo 1913), My Apprenticeship (Vlyudyakh 1916), My Universities (Moi universitey 1923)
Reminiscences of Tolstoy (1919), Reminiscences of Chekhov (1905-1921), Reminiscences of Andreev (1922)

Edgar Lee MASTERS (1868-1950) Etext: The Online Books Page
Spoon River Anthology

Arnold SOMMERFELD (1868-1951) Reference: HMA
Atomic Structure and Spectral Lines (Atombau und Spektrallinien 1919)

Norman DOUGLAS (1868-1952) Etext: The Online Books Page
South Wind (1917)
Looking Back (1933)
Fascinating memoirs of a remarkable writer. --Robert Conquest

Robert A. MILLIKAN (1868-1953) Reference: Nobel Prize
The Electron: Its Isolation and Measurement and the Determination of Some of Its Properties (1917)

Ernest DOWSON (1867-1900) Etext: The Online Books Page
Complete Poems

Lionel JOHNSON (1867-1902) Etext: The Online Books Page
Poems

Ruben DARIO (1867-1916)
Selected Poetry

SOSEKI Natsume (1867-1916) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Meiji period (1868-1912), which represents the transition from the premodern to the modern era, produced several great novelists, one of the most important and widely read being Natsume Soseki. --A Guide to Oriental Classics
One star: Kokoro (1914)

Arnold BENNETT (1867-1931) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Old Wives' Tale

John GALSWORTHY (1867-1933) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Forsyte Saga

Marie CURIE (Maria Sklodowska-Curie, 1867-1934) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Zwolinski Criticism: Maddox
Investigations of Radioactive Substances (Recherches sur les substances radioactive 1903, 1904)

Luigi PIRANDELLO (1867-1936) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Late Mattia Pascal (1904)
One star: Six Characters in Search of an Author (1921)
Liola
It is so! (If you think so)
Henry IV
Each in his own way

Beatrix POTTER (1866-1943) Etext: The Online Books Page | Kid's Corner Reference: post
The Tale of Peter Rabbit (1900) Some of the books are even a bit macabre. But the stories usually end up well, which is what children like best: hard times and travails, with a happy ending. --Charles Van Doren, The Joy of Reading (1985) p. 357 In her stories the human and animal world are strangely intertwined. No sentimentality about either is allowed to escape into her flawless prose. --Merrie Cave, Conservative Classic 17: Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit Books, The Salisbury Review, Spring 2005, p. 40

T. H. MORGAN (1866-1945) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Alroy
The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity (1915, with A. H. STURTEVANT, H. J. MULLER, and C. B. BRIDGES)
The Theory of the Gene (1926)

H. G. WELLS (Herbert George Wells 1866-1946) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Keats
One star: The Time Machine (1895) Etext: Litrix
One star: The War of the Worlds Etext: Litrix
One star: The Island of Doctor Moreau
One star: The Invisible Man Criticism: Appleyard
When the Sleeper Awakes
One star: In the Days of the Comet
One star: The War in the Air
The World Set Free
One star: The First Men on the Moon
Kipps
The History of Mr. Polly
Tono-Bungay
The New Machiavelli
Anne Veronica
The Research Magnificent

George Ivanovitch GURDJIEFF (1866-1949)
Beelzebub's Tales to His Grandson (1950)

Benedetto CROCE (1866-1952) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: David D. Roberts essay
Philosophy, poetry, history: an anthology (1966)
give an insight into the mind of the greatest of all Italian philosophers, who was as influential in aesthetics and historiography as in the study of literature. --Philip Ward
History as the Story of Liberty

Sir Arthur KEITH (1866-1955)
The Antiquity of Man (1925)

Rudyard KIPLING (1865-1936) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference:Autobiography | Wikipedia Criticism: post | John Derbyshire review
Most critics think an interest in Kipling is a sign of a juvenile mind. If so, I plead guilty. --Harold Howe II
One star: The Man Who Would Be King from 'The Phantom Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales' (1888) The Indian stories, now cruel, now tender, reveal a mastery of detail such as only Kipling could achieve. Not that detail is everything in art; understanding is essential too; but Kipling had that, as he had humor and sympathy. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 293
One star: The Jungle Books (1894-95)
Kim (1901)
was boy's book, romance, Bildungsroman, and dry-as-dust dispenser of ethnological lore. --Mary McCarthy
Puck of Pook's Hill (1906)
Complete Verse (1940) Reference: Zwick

William Butler YEATS (1865-1939) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
A Vision (1925, 1937, 1956)
The Autobiographies (1955)
Two stars: Collected Poems (1956)
The master modern poet, finding language for every human emotion from the pangs of unrequited love to the ache of old age. --Robert Brustein
Mythologies (1959)
One star: Collected Plays (1963)

Frank WEDEKIND (1864-1918)
Lulu Plays
Spring Awakening

Max WEBER (1864-1920) Reference: Moriyuki Abukuma fan site Criticism: post The very existence of transgressions implies the existence of interdicts against which they are directed, but Weber did not understand that grace only comes through renunciation and that true charisma must therefore by interdictory. --James Hitchcock, Transgressive Liturgy: How the therapeutic mentality affects the culture and Catholic worship, Adoremus Bulletin, September 2007, p. 6
Economy and Society (1914)
Weber made permanent contributions to the understanding of society with his discussions of comparative religion, bureaucracy, charisma, and the distinctions among status, class, and party. --Michael Lind
Essays in Sociology (1947)
From a vast array of historical data Weber developed concepts--bureaucratic, charismatic, idea types and many others--that are still central in analyzing the recent experiences of modern man. --Alfred D. Chandler

Miguel de UNAMUNO (1864-1936) Etext: Project Gutenberg
The Tragic Sense of Life in Men and Nations (1913)
Three Exemplary Novels
Our Lord Don Quixote

Joseph BEDIER (1864-1938)
The Romance of Tristan and Iseult [from Les Legendes Epiques (1908-21)]

S. ANSKY (Shloyme-Zanvel Rappaport/Semyon Akimovich Ansky, 1863-1930) Criticism: Stanford
The Dybbuk

C. P. CAVAFY (Constantine P. Cavafy 1863-1933) Reference: Cavafy Archive Criticism: post
Collected Poems (2007) Cavafy wanted 154 of his poems preserved, all of them quite short by the standards of 20th-century poetry, each an attempt to clarify and dramatise, in the style of Browning's dramatic monologues, a moment or incident from the past, either a personal past or that of the wider Hellenic world. --Edward Said, Thoughts on Late Style, London Review of Books, August 5, 2004, pp. 6-7

Gabriele D'ANNUNZIO (1863-1938) Etext: The Online Books Page
Maia: In Praise of Life

George SANTAYANA (1863-1952) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
The Sense of Beauty (1896) (full title) The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory
Interpretations of Poetry and Religion (1900)
The Life of Reason (1905-1906) (full title) The Life of Reason: Or, The Phases of Human Progress (5 vols.)
Three Philosophical Poets (1910) (full title) Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe
Winds of Doctrine (1913) (full title) Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion
Character and Opinion in the United States (1920) (full title) Character and Opinion in the United States: With Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce and Academic Life in America
Music (in Little Essays 1922)
Skepticism and Animal Faith (1923)
The Unknowable (1923) The Herbert Spencer Lecture, delivered at Oxford October 24, 1923
Realms of Being: Realm of Essence (1927); Realm of Matter (1930); Realm of Truth (1938)
A Long Way Round to Nirvana (in Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy 1933) (full titles) A Long Way Round to Nirvana: Development of a suggestion found in Freud, in Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy: Five Essays
The Last Puritan (1935) (full title) The Last Puritan: A Memoir in the Form of a Novel
Persons and Places (3 vol.): The Background of My Life (1944); The Middle Span (1945); My Host the World (1953)
Like everything else from the pen of George Santayana, Persons and Places is elegant, witty, perspicacious, and profound-a distinguished autobiography relating the tangled transatlantic life of one of the century's most original minds. --The Intercollegiate Review
The Idea of Christ in the Gospels (1946) (full title) The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay
Dialogues in Limbo (1948) (full title) Dialogues in Limbo, With Three New Dialogues

Felix DUBOIS (1862-[?])
Timbuctoo the Mysterious (1897)

David HILBERT (1862-1914) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
The Foundations of Geometry (1899)

Arthur SCHNITZLER (1862-1931) Etext: The Online Books Page
Plays
Stories

Edith WHARTON (1862-1937) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Times Topics Criticism: post
Two stars: The Age of Innocence (1920)
The absolute imprisonment in which her characters stagnate, their artificial and false standards, the desperate monotony of trivial routine, the slow petrification of generous ardours, the paralysis of emotion, the accumulation of ice around the heart, the total loss of life in upholstered existence--are depicted with a high excellence that never falters. --William Lyon Phelps
Two stars: The House of Mirth (1905)
One star: The Custom of the Country
Collected Short Stories
Ethan Frome

Gerhart HAUPTMANN (1862-1946)
Five Plays (1961)

Sir Walter Alexander RALEIGH (1861-1922) Etext: The Online Books page | Don Quixote
The Discovery Of Guiana

William BATESON (1861-1926) Etext: The Online Books Page
Mendel's Principles of Heredity (1902)

Italo SVEVO (Aron Ettore Schmitz, 1861-1928) Criticism: Tushnet | Wood
One star: Confessions of Zeno or Zeno's Conscience (1923)
As a Man Grows Older

Frederick Jackson TURNER (1861-1932) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) [H]is idea, that Americans were distinctive because their interaction with the North American environment since the seventeenth century made them democrats and individualist, swept the emerging historical profession in the United States and many opinion-makers outside it... --Walter Nugent, The Review of Politics, Spring 1999, pp. 356-357
Using as his primary sources beliefs that earlier had been felt rather than thought, Turner made those most American characteristics-optimism, grit, unflinching determination-central to the study of American history. --The Intercollegiate Review

TAGORE (Sir Rabindranath Thakur, 1861-1941) Etext: The Online Books Page
One star: Collected Poems and Plays (1966)
The greatest literary figure of the Indian national revival in the twentieth century. --A Guide to Oriental Classics

Sir Halford John MACKINDER (1861-1947) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Geographical Pivot of History (1904)
The key, he says, is the inner area extending from the Himalayas to the Arctic Ocean, and from the Volga to the Yangtse...
...Europe and the rest of the world have for centuries been under constant pressure from the pivot area, the 'Heartland'. --Robert B. Downs

Alfred North WHITEHEAD (1861-1947) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Criticism: post
A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898)
Principia Mathematica ("Principles of Mathematics", 1910-1913, with Bertrand RUSSELL) Etext: Volume I | Volume II | Volume III attempted to show that all of pure mathematics is derivable from logical principles. --Byron E. Wall, 'John Venn, James Wood and the Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic at the University of Cambridge, Journal of the History of Ideas, January 2007, p. 149
One star: An Introduction to Mathematics (1911)
The Place of Classics in Education, Hibbert Journal 21 (1923): 248-261
One star: Science and the Modern World (1925)
Unrivaled in showing what, from the ancient world to the twentieth century, permitted and encouraged the giant adventures of the mind that have formed our world. --Walter Jackson Bate
Religion in the Making (1926)
Process and Reality (1929)
The Aims of Education (1929)
Adventures of Ideas (1933)

Jules LAFORGUE (1860-1887)
Selected Writings

Anton Pavlovich CHEKHOV (1860-1904) Etext: The Online Books Page | Great Books and Classics | The Student Criticism: post The question which Chekhov brings out in all his stories is: 'What is to be done? What is life for?' Chekhov's conclusion is that we are here to work, to serve our brothers. --Dorothy Day, A Revolution Near Our Shores, December 1961, in Selected Writings: By Little and By Little, edited by Robert Ellsberg 1995
The best example--after Shakespeare--of how an artist can express himself truthfully and still retain the full measure of his humanity. --Robert Brustein
Two stars: Uncle Vanya (c. 1890-1896) Sonia and her Uncle Vanya (1897), left at the end in the same predicament that they were in before the pompous Professor Serebryakoff came to muddle their existence, see only monotony ahead of them, only a dreary round of days. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 284
Four stars: Three Sisters (1900-1901) [W]hose heroines are stifled in the atmosphere they must breathe; they dream of Moscow, where they fancy life would be perfect, but they will never get there. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 285
Three stars: The Cherry Orchard (1904) The irresponsible Liuboff Andreievna and her still more irresponsible brother Gaieff, who imagines he is playing billiards when he is supposed to be thinking seriously about the future of the estate--his mind is never where HE is--are so vivid before us that we can have the illusion of being onlookers at a certain moment when the history of Russia opens itself for our inspection. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 285
The Tales

D'Arcy THOMPSON (1860-1948) Reference: Dundee | HMA
On Growth and Form (1917) Criticism: Scaruffi | Wilding

Abraham CAHAN (1860-1951) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Rise of David Levinsky

Francis THOMPSON (1859-1907) Etext: The Online Books Page
Poems

Sholem ALEICHEM (1859-1916) Reference: Network
Tevye the Dairyman
These were the Jews of the Russian pale who flourished before the Holocaust and who were so poor that the spoken word was their only permanent possession. --Thomas Lask
The Railroad Stories
The Nightingale

Jacques LOEB (1859-1924)
The Mechanistic Conception of Life (1912)

Sir Arthur Conan DOYLE (1859-1930) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post
One star: The Complete Sherlock Holmes (1887-1927) Oh Sherlock, Sherlock, he's in town again, That prince of perspicuity, that monument of brain, It seems he wasn't hurt at all By tumbling down that waterfall. --P. G. Wodehouse, Punch
The inspiration for the character was an eminent Edinburgh surgeon, Dr Joseph Bell (1837-1911). Sherlock's brother Mycroft, his enemy Moriarty, and his chronicler and confidant, Dr Watson, remain in the memory as long as Holmes himself... --Philip Ward
Lost World (1912)
The book set my imagination on fire, and I was thereafter a nesiophile, a lover of islands, the concrete symbols of new worlds awaiting exploration. --Edward O. Wilson

A. E. HOUSMAN (1859-1936) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Kermode | Leithauser
Collected Poems
Housman conveys a somewhat pessimistic message, which I find sustaining. --Harold Howe II

Henry Havelock ELLIS (1859-1939) Etext: The Online Books Page
Studies in the Psychology of Sex (1897-1928)
The first influential book to take a wholly clinical view of human sexuality divorced from values, morals, and emotions. --The Intercollegiate Review

Henri BERGSON (1859-1941) Etext: The Online Books Page | Mead Project
Time and Free Will (1889)
Matter and Memory (1896)
Creative Evolution (1907)
The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (1932)
The Creative Mind
Laughter

John DEWEY (1859-1952) Etext: The Online Books Page | The Mead Project | Institute for Learning Technologies Reference: Center for Dewey Studies-Carbondale | Perspectives Of Pragmatism Criticism: Richard Rorty review | Richard John Neuhaus review | post
School and Society (1899)
The Practical Character of Reality ("Does Reality Possess Practical Character?" 1908)
How We Think (1910)
Philosophies of Freedom (Lectures by John Dewey: Moral and Political Philosophy, 1915-1916, edited by Warren J. Samuels and Donald F. Koch)
Democracy and Education (1916)
Dewey convinced a generation of intellectuals that education isn't about anything; it's just a method, a process for producing democrats and scientists who would lead us into a future that "works." --The Intercollegiate Review
Essays in Experimental Logic (1916)
Reconstruction in Philosophy (1919)
One star: Human Nature and Conduct (1922)
Experience and Nature (1925)
The Quest for Certainty (1929)
Affective Thought (collected in Philosophy and Civilization 1931)
Development of American Education (American Education Past and Future 1931)
Ethics (second edition,with James Hayden Tufts, 1932)
Art as Experience (1934)
The idea that aesthetic experience was not the special property of an educated elite, but was knowable, an important and universal human phenomenon engaging the senses and capable of being experienced on many different levels, was attractive. --Anne Whiston Spirn
Logic (1938)
Experience and Education (1938)
Freedom and Culture (1939)
Science and Society (The Philosophy of John Dewey, Volume I: The Structure of Experience, V. The Culture of Inquiry, 23. Science and Society, 1973)

Knut HAMSUN (1859-1952) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Wood
One star: Hunger (1891)
Mysteries (1892)
Pan

Charles W. CHESNUTT (1858-1932) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Short Fiction

Franz BOAS (1858-1942) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: MNSU
The Mind of Primitive Man (1911)
Boas was the first to proclaim that mankind is indissolubly one, and that all races have the potential to produce and create equally. --Raphael and McLeish
Anthropology and Modern Life (1928)

Max PLANCK (1858-1947) Reference: Max Planck Society
it was Planck's law of radiation that yielded the first exact determination--independent of other assumptions--of the absolute magnitudes of atoms. More than that, he showed convincingly that in addition to the atomistic structure of matter there is a kind of atomistic structure to energy, governed by the universal constant h, which was introduced by Planck. --Albert Einstein
Lectures on Thermodynamics (Varlesungen uber Thermodynamik 1897)
Lectures on the Theory of Heat Radiation (Varlesungen uber die Theorie der Warmestrahlung 1906)
The Universe in the Light of Modern Physics (1931)
Where Is Science Going? (1932)
The Philosophy of Physics (1936)
Scientific Autobiography (1949)

George GISSING (1857-1903) Etext: The Online Books Page
New Grub Street Criticism: Schwarz

John DAVIDSON (1857-1909) Etext: The Online Books Page
Ballads and Songs

Joseph CONRAD (Teodor Josef Konrad Korzeniowski, 1857-1924) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: post The most critical and important event in Joseph Conrad's literary life--one made sometime in the 1890s, relatively early in his writing career--was the discovery of his first-person speaker, an Englishman named Marlow who narrated the story to others. --David Thorburn, Heart of Darkness--Europe's Kurtz, Lecture 6, Masterworks of 20th-Century Literature, The Teaching Company
One star: Lord Jim (1900) Criticism: Panichas
One star: Heart of Darkness (1902) Today it is scarcely possible to read Marlow's celebration of England without irony; to many, especially among the English themselves, it is bound to seem patently absurd. ... Having the choice to make, Conrad himself elected to become English exactly because he believed England to be a good nation. --Lionel Trilling Take all kinds of social conventions away, and man becomes a brute, willing to adopt any methods to achieve his ends. --Anthony Daniels, Conservative Classic - 24: Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, The Salisbury Review, Winter 2006, p. 32 We come to recognize the Kurtz represents what is best about European civilization, and that someone representing Europe's highest achievements should descend into savagery, should have become such a murderer, and such an instance of 'the horror' (Kurtz's last words), is a deep commentary on the imperial adventure. --David Thorburn, Heart of Darkness--Europe's Kurtz, Lecture 6, Masterworks of 20th-Century Literature, The Teaching Company
One star: Nostromo (1904)
One star: The Secret Agent (1907) one of Conrad's two supreme masterpieces, one of the two unquestionable classics of the first order that he added to the English novel. F. R. Leavis, 'The Great Tradition' (1948) Terrorism is the little man's revenge --Robert D. Kaplan, The National Interest, Thanksgiving 2001, p. 33
portrays nihilists and anarchists in London... --Philip Ward
One star: Under Western Eyes (1911)
is concerned with Russian politics and psychology in the year 1911, and particularly with the revolutionary mind. --Philip Ward
The Secret Sharer (1912) [H]as two chief characters, a young merchant captain and a refugee officer whom he hides in his cabin... --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 295
Victory (1915)

Thorstein Bunde VEBLEN (1857-1929) Etext: The Online Books Page Criticism: Price
One star: The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899)
Veblen shows the outer reaches of hypocrisy. --John D. Montgomery
The Higher Learning in America (1918)
The Place of Science in Modern Civilization (1919)
Vested Interests and the State of Industrial Arts (1919)
Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times (1923)

C. S. SHERRINGTON (1857-1952) Reference: UIC
The Integrative Action of the Nervous System (1906)
Man on His Nature (1940)

Harold FREDRIC (1856-1898)
The Damnation of Theron Ware

Frederick Winslow TAYLOR (1856-1915) Etext: The Online Books Page
Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Woodrow WILSON (1856-1924) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Center Criticism: Kagan | Pestritto | Freund | Gamble
The New Freedom (1913)
According to H.L. Mencken, a book for "the tender-minded in general." --The Intercollegiate Review

Sigmund FREUD (1856-1939) Etext: The Online Books Page | Classics in the History of Psychology Study: Leadership U. Criticism: post Freud thought that he shared with Copernicus the distinction of having shaken man's confidence in himself. --Peter Wolff, Foundations of Science and Mathematics (1960), p. 92 Freud's discovery of the unconscious as an integral part of mental life irreversibly changed the conception of the human psyche. --Robert L. Heilbroner, 'Marxism: For and Against' (1980) p. 16 compared himself to Darwin and suggested that science is being carried over from the notion of the biological to the notion of the social or psychological. --Jeffrey L. Kasser, Philosophy of Science, Lecture 2: Popper and the Problem of Demarcation, The Teaching Company taught authority to see in itself only the vestiges of taboo, causing many of the cultural elite unwittingly to go over to what he called the 'mass'--those who have no love for instinctual renunciation--in the most elaborate act of cultural suicide Western intellectuals have yet staged. --James Hitchcock, Transgressive Liturgy: How the therapeutic mentality affects the culture and Catholic worship, Adoremus Bulletin, September 2007, p. 6
Selected Papers on Hysteria (1893-1908) ...Pavlov's conditioning experiments were well into the future. Freud talked instead in terms of the association of ideas, which, as we know, was discovered at least as far back as Aristotle. --V. J. McGill, Biology, Psychology, and Medicine (1963), p. 326 Many of Freud's early patients were categorized as having hysteria--which we now call conversion disorder--where you have a part of the body that does not work quite properly and it has a psychological root cause to it. --David W. Martin, Psychology of Human Behavior, Lecture 7: Classification of Mental Illness, The Teaching Company
Three stars: The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung 1900) Freud's claim, which is now generally conceded, is that this content of the dream is derived from the experiences of the dreamer in the twenty-four hour period just preceding. --V. J. McGill, Biology, Psychology, and Medicine (1963), p. 338
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (Zur Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens 1901)
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie 1905)
Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious (Der Witz und seine Beziehung zum Unbewuszten 1905)
The Sexual Enlightenment of Children (1907)
The Origin and Development of Psycho-Analysis (1910)
The Future Prospects of Psycho-Analytic Therapy (1910)
Dynamics of the Transference (1912)
Totem and Taboo (1913)
(even if based on assumptions no longer shared by anthropologists) --Thor Sevcenko
The History of the Psycho-Analytical Movement (1914) the best place at which to start reading, within the vast canon of Freud's work, his own defense of the analytic attitude against the doctrinaire therapeutics. --Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic: Uses of Faith After Freud (1966) p. 79
On Narcissism (1914)
Thoughts for the Times on War and Death (1915)
Instincts and Their Vicissitudes (1915)
Repression (1915)
The Unconscious (1915)
One star: A General Introduction to Psycho-Analysis (Vorlesungen zur Einfuhring in die Psychoanalyse 1915-1917) His reasons for extending the meaning of this term ['sexual'] came from a study of three sets of facts: (1) perversions, (2) neuroses, and (3) infant sexuality. People balk at calling these things sexual, but Freud argues vigorously and voluminously that they are. --V. J. McGill, Biology, Psychology, and Medicine (1963), p. 354
As with Marx, it's not the tight, totalitarian theories the disciples have spun that count here. It's the unconsciousness, there all the time but never there until you trick it into sight, the self permanently destabilized. --Duncan Kennedy
Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1917)
Beyond the Pleasure Principle (Jenseits des Lustprinzips 1920)
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1920)
Psycho-analysis (1922)
The Ego and the Id (Das Ich und das Es 1923)
Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety (1926)
Two stars: Civilization and Its Discontents (Das Unbehagen in der Kultur 1930) ...admits that tracing religious beliefs back to psychic needs does not disprove their objective truth. He relies on the findings of the natural sciences for that. --Seymour Cain, Religion and Theology (1961), p.254
The renunciation by individuals of instinctive gratifications, however, has created intense inner antagonisms and conflicts in mankind, accounting, according to Freud, for the turmoil of present-day civilization. --Robert B. Downs
One star: New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1932) The ego, then, does not simply inhibit its pleasure seeking; it is humiliated and tortured by an apparently independent agency, split off from the ego. This is the *superego*. --V. J. McGill, Biology, Psychology, and Medicine (1963), p. 367
Moses and Monotheism (Der Mann Moses und die monotheistische Religion 1939) ...he calls the church the old enemy, as compared to the new enemy, Nazism. --Seymour Cain, Religion and Theology (1961), p. 256
An Outline of Psychoanalysis (Abrisz der Psychoanalyse 1940)
Three Case Histories (1963)
Beyond question Freud is history's most important philosopher of the mind, and he ranks alongside Eliot as the century's greatest literary critic. --David Gelernter

George Bernard SHAW (1856-1950) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Bibliography at Wikipedia Criticism: post
Our Lost Honesty (1884)
Fabian Essays in Socialism (1889, with Sidney WEBB, 1859-1947, William CLARKE, 1852-1901, Sydney OLIVIER, 1859-1943, Annie BESANT, 1847-1933, Graham WALLAS, 1858-1932, and Hubert BLAND, 1856-1914) Etext: The Online Books Page Single-minded devotion to public service was as much in evidence in all this as was intolerance of other views about individual and national values--in its way quite as pronounced as was that of the Marxists--and an element of petty-bourgeois resentment against everything arisotocratic, including beauty. --Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (3rd ed. 1950) Ch. XXVI p. 322
One star: Arms and the Man (1898)
One star: Candida (1898)
The Man of Destiny (1899)
One star: The Devil's Disciple (1901)
One star: Caesar and Cleopatra (1901) [C]onveys among other things the conviction of Shaw that Julius Caesar was one of the great men of all time, and therefore superior, Shaw thought, to the figure Shakespeare gave him to cut in the great play that bears his name. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 283
Two stars: Man and Superman (1903) ...John Tanner is Shaw's own man: opinionated, headstrong, eloquent, yet wittily aware of his own absurdity if someone like Ann, whom he loves in spite of his resolution never to yield his freedom to any woman, has the audacity to point it out. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 283
John Bull's Other Island (1904)
Doctor's Dilemma (1906)
Dramatic Opinion and Essays (1906)
Two stars: Major Barbara (1907) Undershaft, a munitions-maker, justifies his trade on the ground that it may help men to shoot and kill such abominations as poverty, which he thinks the Salvation Army, in the person of Barbara, sentimentally encourages rather than cures. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 283
Getting Married (1908)
Two stars: Pygmalion (1913)
One star: Androcles and the Lion (1916)
Two stars: Heartbreak House (1919)
One star: Back to Methuselah (1921)
Three stars: Saint Joan (1924) Once more we have a conflict of wills, and once more the balance is even; for the death of Joan does not absolve those who burned her, even though they had the best of reasons. --Mark Van Doren, The Great Ideas Today 1969, p. 284
Major Critical Essays (1932)
Capital and Wages
Freedom and the State
Redistribution of Income
Socialism and Culture

Jean-Nicolas-Arthur RIMBAUD (1854-1891) Etext: Athena Reference: Authors' Calendar Criticism: post Still the question lurks. What do people talk about when they talk about Arthur Rimbaud? Is it his oblique and strangely impersonal verse that has outlived him, or is it his high-pitched but ultimately impenetrable life that casts such a long shadow? --Daphne Merkin, 'Rimbaud Rules', The American Scholar, Winter 2003, p. 52
One star: Complete Works (Oeuvres 1898) And when he has finished jibing at and anatematizing all social institutions from the bourgeois family to the schools, the church, the military, and the state and, indeed, France itself, he rebels against rebellion and, in what is perhaps the most outrageous and puzzling of his postures, slinks abjectly to the foot of the Cross. --Eric Ormsbey, The New Criterion, June 2001, p. 17

Oscar WILDE (1854-1900) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: Times Topics Criticism: Theodore Dalrymple essay | Louis Auchincloss essay | post Even in his lifetime, he was famous for being famous, before he had written anything of enduring value. --Adam Kirsch, 'Paradox on the Grand Scale', The American Scholar, Winter 2001, p. 143
De Profundis (1891)
...the prose letter to 'Bosie', his homosexual friend Lord Alfred Douglas, is the cardinal document in that scandal which broke upon the public in 1895 with Wilde's defeat in the case brought against the Maquess of Queensberry for criminal libel, and his imprisonment, with hard labour, for two years. --Philip Ward
One star: The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891)
...an autobiographical novel of tragic intensity... --Philip Ward
One star: Lady Windermere's Fan (1893)
An Ideal Husband (1899)
One star: The Importance of Being Earnest (1899) verbal opera -- W. H. Auden Wilde's wicked expose of the artificiality of conventional morality and his one unequivocally great work. --Daniel Mendelsohn, The New York Review of Books, October 10, 2002, p. 18
Letters (1962)
One star: The Artist as Critic full title: The Artist As Critic: Critical Writings of Oscar Wilde (1969)

Jules-Henri POINCARE (1854-1912)
The New Methods of Celestial Mechanics (1993; Les Methodes nouvelles de la mecanique celeste 3 vols., 1892, 1893, 1899)
One star: Science and Hypothesis (1905; La science et l'hypothese 1902)
The Value of Science (1907; La valeur de la science 1905)
Science and Method (1914; Science et Methode 1908)

Sir James George FRAZER (1854-1941) Etext: The Online Books Page
The Golden Bough (1890; 1911-15)
The New Golden Bough (1959)

Vincent VAN GOGH (1853-1890) Etext: The Online Books Page
Complete Letters (1958)
His letters, like the autobiography of Cellini, reveal an extraordinary originality and individuality. --Philip Ward

H. A. LORENTZ (Hendrik A. Lorentz, 1853-1928) Reference: Nobel Prize
The Theory of Electrons and Its Application to the Phenomena of Light and Radiant Heat (1909)

CLARIN (Leopoldo Alas, 1852-1901) Reference: CE
The Regent's Wife (La Regenta 1884-85)

I. L. PERETZ (1851-1915) Etext: Golem
Selected Stories

Kate CHOPIN (1851-1904) Etext: The Online Books Page Reference: PBS
One star: The Awakening (1899)

< 1826-1850 | 1876-1900 >



Revised January 31, 2010.

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